WHAT IS DIABETES?

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic condition in which the body cannot properly regulate blood glucose (blood sugar) levels. This happens because of problems with insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas that allows glucose to enter cells to be used as energy.

When insulin is lacking or not working effectively, glucose builds up in the bloodstream instead of being used by the body.

How blood sugar is normally controlled

1. You eat carbohydrates → they are broken down into glucose
2. Glucose enters the bloodstream
3. The pancreas releases insulin
4. Insulin helps glucose move into cells (muscle, liver, fat)
5. Blood sugar returns to a normal level

In diabetes, this process is disrupted.

Main types of diabetes

1. Type 1 Diabetes

• An autoimmune disease
• The body attacks insulin-producing cells in the pancreas
• Little or no insulin is produced
• Usually develops in children or young adults (but can occur at any age)
• Requires lifelong insulin injections

2. Type 2 Diabetes (most common)

• The body produces insulin, but cells do not respond well (insulin resistance)
• Over time, insulin production may decrease
• Strongly linked to:
• Excess body weight
• Physical inactivity
• Poor diet
• Family history
• Often preventable and manageable with lifestyle changes and medication

3. Gestational Diabetes

• Develops during pregnancy
• Usually resolves after delivery
• Increases future risk of Type 2 diabetes for both mother and child

Common symptoms of diabetes

• Frequent urination
• Excessive thirst
• Increased hunger
• Fatigue
• Unexplained weight loss
• Blurred vision
• Slow wound healing
• Frequent infections

⚠️ Many people with Type 2 diabetes have no symptoms in early stages.

Why diabetes is serious

Poorly controlled diabetes can lead to long-term complications, including:

• Heart disease and stroke
• Kidney failure
• Nerve damage (neuropathy)
• Eye damage (retinopathy, blindness)
• Foot problems and amputations

Can diabetes be prevented or managed?

• Type 1: Not preventable
• Type 2: Often preventable and manageable through:
• Healthy eating
• Regular physical activity
• Weight management
• Stress control
• Proper medication when needed