WHAT ARE THE NUTRITIONAL CHALLENGES IN AUTISM?

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often face several nutritional challenges due to a combination of sensory sensitivities, behavioral traits, gastrointestinal issues, and sometimes medication side effects. These challenges can significantly affect diet quality and nutritional status. Here are the key nutritional concerns:

1. Food Selectivity (Picky Eating)

• Many individuals with autism exhibit extreme food preferences based on texture, color, smell, taste, or brand.
• They may avoid entire food groups, leading to imbalanced diets.
• This can result in nutrient deficiencies, especially in vitamins A, C, D, E, B12, folate, calcium, iron, and zinc.

2. Sensory Processing Issues

• Hypersensitivity or hyposensitivity to food textures, smells, and flavors may lead to aversion or fixation on certain foods.
• Can affect willingness to try new foods or eat in social settings.

3. Gastrointestinal (GI) Problems

• Common GI issues include constipation, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and bloating.
• These issues can reduce appetite and food intake, and sometimes lead to food avoidance.

4. Restricted Diets and Fad Therapies

• Some caregivers try restrictive diets like gluten-free, casein-free (GFCF) without medical supervision.
• If not carefully managed, these diets may lead to nutrient deficiencies and inadequate caloric intake.

5. Mealtime Behavior Problems

• Resistance to mealtime routines, tantrums, or rigidity around how food is served can limit dietary variety.
• May be associated with anxiety or a need for sameness.

6. Medication Side Effects

• Some medications (e.g., antipsychotics, stimulants) can cause appetite changes, weight gain, or nausea, further impacting nutrition.

7. Weight Issues

• Both underweight (due to poor intake) and overweight/obesity (due to poor food choices and low physical activity) are concerns.
• Obesity is a growing issue in some ASD populations due to high intake of energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods.

8. Feeding Disorders

• Some children with autism may have feeding disorders like Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID).
• Requires multidisciplinary intervention (e.g., dietitian, occupational therapist, behavioural therapist).
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