HOW CAN ULCER DEVELOP?

An ulcer develops when the protective lining of the stomach, esophagus, or small intestine becomes damaged, allowing stomach acid to erode the tissue. The primary pathways that lead to this damage are:

1.     H. pylori Infection: This bacteria weakens the mucous coating that protects the stomach and small intestine, allowing acid to penetrate and damage the lining. Over time, this can create sores or ulcers.

2.     NSAIDs (Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs): Long-term or high-dose use of NSAIDs like aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen inhibits enzymes that help maintain the protective lining of the stomach. Without this protection, stomach acid can damage the tissue and lead to an ulcer.

3.     Excessive Stomach Acid Production: Conditions like Zollinger-Ellison syndrome cause the stomach to produce excessive acid, which can overwhelm the mucosal lining, leading to ulcer formation. Lifestyle factors, including high levels of stress, smoking, and heavy alcohol use, can also increase stomach acid production.

4.     Weakened Mucus Barrier: Certain factors, like smoking or drinking alcohol, can weaken the stomach’s mucus layer, reducing its ability to protect against acid. This increases susceptibility to ulcer formation.

5.     Genetic Factors: Some people have a genetic predisposition to ulcers due to a tendency to produce higher levels of stomach acid or increased susceptibility to H. pylori infection.

When one or more of these factors is present, the acid in the stomach or intestines can cause irritation and gradually wear away the tissue, resulting in an ulcer. Early symptoms include a burning sensation, pain, or discomfort in the stomach area, and without treatment, the ulcer can worsen and lead to complications, like bleeding or perforation.